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- 8/7/89: COLUMBIA MODIFICATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS
-
- KSC Release No. 80-89
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-
- About 258 modifications have been performed on Columbia
- since it last flew in Jan. 1986 on mission 61-C, including the
- list of critical return-to-flight vehicle improvements and about
- 16 that are unique to Columbia.
-
- The return-to-flight modifications made to Columbia now
- bring the vehicle up to par with the other two orbiters,
- Discovery and Atlantis. These extensive improvements include the
- crew escape system, a latch to hold the 17-inch disconnect valve
- between the orbiter and external tank open during powered flight,
- wiring improvements and new thrusters in the forward reaction
- control system and orbital maneuvering system pods to prevent a
- burn through of the thrusters.
-
- To decrease brake wear, the axles were stiffened on the
- landing gear. Instrumentation has been added to monitor the tire
- pressure once the landing gear doors are closed. About a dozen
- extra clamps were added to Columbia's hydraulic braking lines
- which demonstrated a higher vibration than that of the other
- ships.
-
- Larger protective tiles have been installed in the elevon
- leading edge and wing trailing edges to improve flight durability
- and decrease turnaround maintenance. Columbia's payload bay doors
- and fuselage were originally covered with small white diced
- tiles. Since it last flew, technicians have replaced over 2,300
- of these diced tiles with thermal protective blankets like those
- on the other two ships. In addition, Columbia features the
- reinforced carbon-carbon "chin panel." This panel replaces about
- 40 tiles between the nose cap and nose landing gear doors and is
- designed to better withstand heat loads during reentry. A
- significant amount of the worn interior thermal control blankets
- was replaced.
-
- Columbia, which flew the first five flights of the Shuttle
- program, features more instrumentation than the other two ships
- for research and development. Much of the instrumentation will be
- hooked up during its eighth flight, including about 400 strain
- gauges on the wings, payload bay doors and vertical stabilizer to
- monitor loads, pressures and temperatures during flight. For
- aerothermal analysis, about 140 sensors have been installed on
- the wing area.
-
- After STS-9 in Nov. 1983, Columbia was sent to Palmdale,
- Calif. for about 18 months to reconfigure the ship from a
- research and development mode to an operational orbiter. Five
- major modifications were made during this timeframe: (1)
- structural beefup of the wings and mid-fuselage; (2) addition of
- a heads-up-display; (3) the replacement of the commander and
- pilot's ejection seats with standard seats; (4) modification of
- the orbital maneuvering system pods to make them compatible with
- the other orbiters, including replacement of the pod's thermal
- tiles with the advanced reusable surface insulation blankets; and
- (5) addition of supplemental instrumentation to gather
- developmental engineering data.
-
- An infrared imaging device on Columbia's vertical
- stabilizer, called the Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature
- Sensing (SILTS) experiment, will be active on this flight. This
- cylindrical housing atop the vertical tail was added in Palmdale
- after STS-9, and is about 20-inches in diameter. It is designed
- to obtain high-resolution infrared images of the upper (leeside)
- surfaces of Columbia's port wing and fuselage as the orbiter
- reenters Earth's atmosphere. These images will provide detailed
- temperature maps of those surfaces to indicate the amount of
- aerodynamic heating in flight.
-
- Another experiment, called Shuttle Entry Air Data System
- (SEADS), housed in the nosecap will also be active this flight.
- The nose cap has 14 penetration assemblies distributed about its
- surface, each containing a small hole through which local surface
- air pressure will be measured during reentry. This experiment is
- expected to provide aerodynamic flight characteristics.
-
- Other improvements include upgrades to the electrical
- system, upgraded cockpit computer keyboards, new fuel cells and
- new auxiliary power unit controllers. A newly modified liquid
- hydrogen recirculation pump package has been installed to prevent
- electrical shorting.
-
- The new modifications have added approximately 2,500 pounds
- of extra weight since Columbia last flew. Columbia's dry inert
- weight with three main engines (but no payload, experiments or
- propellants) is approximately 179,833 pounds.